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What is Land Surveying? | Land Surveyor
Land surveyors measure and plot the exact shape of land and the position of natural and human made features. They collect, manage and analyse survey data using a wide range of surveying techniques, equipment and computers. The data may be used to produce plans, which are used for construction projects. Other survey data is passed on to cartographers and to cartographic draughtspeople for producing maps. The data is generally used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or government purposes.
The Survey Division is comprised of field and office staff to provide professional management and guidance, administrative support, technical computations, geodetic control determination and development of land acquisition plats. The Division performs many types of surveys, including:
Geodetic Surveys using GPS (Global Positioning System) to establish vertical and horizontal control stations based on the State of Maryland coordinate system.
Property Surveys for the land acquisition of County projects.
Topographic Surveys for facilities design.
Easement Surveys to establish rights-of-way for road and utility improvements.
Stakeout Surveys to layout buildings, utilities and roads for construction.
Court Exhibit Surveys to establish the location of a land parcel for land acquisition.
Hydrographic Surveys to measure water depths and bottom topography of streams, ponds, lakes, and storm water management facilities.
Land Surveying And The Land Owner
What is the Land Survey?
A land survey is the describing, monumenting, and mapping of the boundaries and corners of a parcel of land. It may also include the subdivision and layout of new lots and streets, the determination of the physical features of the land and the location of the buildings and other improvements upon the land. A land survey locates upon the ground that land which your deed describes.
Types of Surveys:
Boundary Survey – A survey for the express purpose of locating the exact boundaries and corners of a given parcel of land. This involves record and field research, field measurements and computations with the findings usually being shown on a survey plat that is given to the land owner. A description may also be required for purposes of recording a new deed.
Control Survey – Precise location both horizontally and vertically of diverse points for mapping and orientation of aerial photographs.
Court Exhibit Survey – Analysis of various descriptions, monuments and physical features for the purpose of visual display in the courtroom.
Construction Survey:
Layout for control of construction of roads, buildings, pipelines, etc.
When is a survey advisable?
BEFORE title in land is transferred without being clearly defined by a plat and description, and located on the surface of the earth.
BEFORE land is subdivided by deed, will, or by the court.
BEFORE land is developed by the construction of buildings, roads, fences, etc.
BEFORE a boundary dispute arises or when you believe someone is encroaching upon your land.
BEFORE timber is to be cut and removed.
METHODS OF LAND SURVEYING
The class of work and degree of accuracy often determine the method most appropriate; each offering certain limitations as to cost and need.
Compass and Tape:
Surveys with a magnetic compass and steel tape or chain. This equipment was primarily used prior to 1950. Many metes and bounds descriptions in deeds are still based on surveys performed with this equipment.
Transit and tape:
Angles are measured with the transit and distances measured with a steel tape giving an accuracy significantly greater than the methods previously listed. This permits the more precise control necessary in land subdivision planning, construction surveying, and nearly all boundary or land title surveys. This method is used for most work at this time.
Theodolite and Electronic Distance Measuring:
With this method, angles and distances are measured with a high degree of precision, and is particularly good for control surveys and large boundary surveys. The equipment is being constantly refined and its use on smaller surveys is becoming more practical all the time.
Photogrammetric Mapping:
Topographic mapping may be done from aerial photographs and is particularly useful for large areas. Usually the photography is made precisely for the project involved. Accurate ground survey work must be used to establish measurements, both horizontally and vertically, to photo-identifiable points to insure scale and accuracy of the photo model.
GPS:
Surveys performed using survey grade GPS (Global Positioning Systems) equipment are giving positional accuracies to +/- 1 cm. This method used in open terrain allows the surveyor to establish coordinates on the features he wishes to locate. This data is then downloaded to a computer for processing.
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